{"id":162502,"date":"2024-05-21T13:03:55","date_gmt":"2024-05-21T19:03:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?p=162502"},"modified":"2024-12-13T11:17:18","modified_gmt":"2024-12-13T17:17:18","slug":"internet-history","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/tech\/internet-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Internet: The Military Project That Connected and Transformed the World"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>World Internet Day<\/strong> is celebrated on May 17. This is the story of how this technology, which transformed telecommunications and impacted the daily lives of most of the world\u2019s inhabitants, <strong>was born and evolved<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This technology, which began to come into being in the second half of the 20th century, means we can now use our smartphones to watch TikToks, google questions, use <a href=\"\/en\/tech\/chat-gpt-in-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ChatGPT<\/a>, order an Uber, watch series on Netflix, or make video calls with friends and family on the other side of the world, but <strong>how did it all begin?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The story goes back to the <strong>1940s<\/strong>, when the Second World War ravaged several nations from 1939 to 1945. Technological breakthroughs such as <strong>computers<\/strong> appeared during this difficult period, the first of which that we know of were the <strong>ENIAC<\/strong> developed in the United States and the <strong>Z1<\/strong> in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the war, many European countries, including Germany, were in ruins. For many years, the priority was to rebuild cities and the social fabric and reactivate the economy. <strong>Investment in science and technology took second place<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, the <strong>United States<\/strong> and the <strong>Soviet Union<\/strong> took the technological lead and entered into a volatile political confrontation known as the <strong>Cold War<\/strong>, in which they sought to impose their ideology and economic model (capitalism and socialism).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This period began in 1945 and lasted until 1991, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was officially dissolved. In the midst of the conflict, scientific and technological breakthroughs occurred that changed the course of history, such as <strong>aerospace development<\/strong>, <strong>satellites<\/strong>, and, yes, the <strong>Internet<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 tan riesgoso es el uso excesivo de celulares para ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as?\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XZw1lWglKaA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Subtitles Available in English<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>History of the Internet Timeline<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the 1950s, the <strong>history of the Internet<\/strong> began with a data and information exchange network that was created as a <strong>military project<\/strong> by the U.S. government in response to a technological breakthrough in the Soviet Union:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1957.<\/strong> In October, the Soviet Union launched <strong>Sputnik 1<\/strong> into space, the first artificial satellite in history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1958.<\/strong> In response, the U.S. Department of Defense created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (<strong>ARPA<\/strong>), which was independent from other military research and development units. It had substantial funds to generate \u201cunconventional technologies\u201d and its ranks included <strong>elite scientists<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-2.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-2.jpg 750w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-2-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Image of the TX-2 computer from MIT that started operating in 1958. Leonard Kleinrock developed his mathematical theory of packet networks by experimenting with this machine. (Photo: MIT Museum)<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Who were these scientists? Many of them were professors and students from the <em>Massachusetts Institute of Technology<\/em> (<strong>MIT<\/strong>), such as <strong>Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider<\/strong>, who was director of ARPA\u2019s information technology research program, <strong>Leonard Kleinrock<\/strong>, and <strong>Lawrence G. Roberts<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1961.<\/strong> Leonard <strong>Kleinrock<\/strong> published a <em>paper<\/em> on packet switching theory, which was part of his doctoral thesis at MIT. In <strong>1963<\/strong>, he was hired as an academic by the University of California, Los Angeles (<strong>UCLA<\/strong>) and in <strong>1964<\/strong>, his doctoral research was published under the title <em>Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay<\/em>. This <strong>book<\/strong> was vital to the development of the <strong>Internet<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1962.<\/strong> In an MIT report, Joseph Carl Robnett <strong>Licklider<\/strong> explained his concept of the \u201c<strong>Galactic Network<\/strong>,\u201d a globally interconnected network through which users could access the same data on different computers from anywhere in the world.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1965.<\/strong> Based on Licklider\u2019s idea of the <strong>Galactic Network<\/strong> and, above all, the <strong>packet theory<\/strong> proposed by Kleinrock, researchers <strong>Lawrence G. Roberts<\/strong> and <strong>Thomas Merrill<\/strong> were able to connect two computers, generating the <strong>first information technology network<\/strong> in history.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This experiment was successful, demonstrating that it was possible to share data remotely, given that the connection was made through a low-speed telephone line between a <strong>TX-2<\/strong> computer built and located in the <strong>MIT<\/strong> Lincoln Lab building in Massachusetts and a <strong>Q-32<\/strong> located in the <strong><em>System Development Corporation<\/em><\/strong> of Santa Monica, California.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-3.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"607\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-3.jpg 607w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-3-300x247.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 607px) 100vw, 607px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The transistor-based TX-2 computer had a main memory of 64K and was the first to connect to another computer from Massachusetts to California. (Photo: MIT Museum)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1966.<\/strong> After the success of his experiment with Merrill, <strong>Lawrence G. Roberts<\/strong> developed the first <strong>ARPANET plan<\/strong>, which was published in 1967 and known as <em>Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers<\/em>, according to a text published <a href=\"https:\/\/www.internetsociety.org\/internet\/history-internet\/brief-history-internet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">on the Internet Society website<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1968.<\/strong> After outlining the technical bases of the incipient ARPANET, it became necessary to utilize technology developers to advance this project. Together with the company <em>Bolt, Beranek, and Newman<\/em> (BBN), they created <em>Interface Message Processors<\/em> (<strong>IMPs<\/strong>) in which nodes were connected with microcomputers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another company, <em>Network Analysis Corporation<\/em> (NAC), worked with ARPA on designing the topology and architecture of the network (<strong>ARPANET<\/strong>), while a team under <strong>Leonard Kleinrock<\/strong> at UCLA designed the measurement and control equipment.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1970.<\/strong> In December of that year, the <em>Network Working Group<\/em> (NWG), under the direction of <strong>Stephen Crocker<\/strong>, published the initial host-to-host protocol of <strong>ARPANET<\/strong>, known as <strong>NCP<\/strong> (<em>Network Control Protocol<\/em>), which was implemented between 1971 and 1972, allowing network users to develop applications.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s important to note here that in the <strong>1970s<\/strong>, <strong>ARPA<\/strong> changed its name to <strong>DARPA<\/strong> (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), although the project continued to form part of the U.S. Department of Defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following years, <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> was connected beyond MIT and UCLA to an increasing number of leading universities and institutions in the technological development of the United States, although <strong>this was not done for commercial reasons in 1970<\/strong> as it was a <strong>military project<\/strong> that could represent an advantage against the Soviet Union in the context of the <strong>Cold War<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-4.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162511\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-4.jpg 750w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-4-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>The map shows the American institutions connected to ARPANET in March of 1972. (Photo: UCLA)<br><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>However, one flourishing business in the 1970s was that of the <strong>semiconductor<\/strong> and incipient <strong>computer<\/strong> industries, which were established in the San Francisco Bay in California, known since then as <strong>Silicon Valley<\/strong>. To this day, the headquarters of the largest technology companies in the U.S. are there.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1972.<\/strong> Now that all the <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> hosts had been connected under <strong>NCP<\/strong>, <strong>email<\/strong> emerged and the concept of \u201c<strong>open architecture<\/strong>\u201d was created with the aim of extending the network. According to <strong>UCLA maps<\/strong>, 25 of the country\u2019s institutions were now connected by March of that year, which went up to 29 in August.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-5.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-5.jpg 750w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-5-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The map shows the American institutions connected to ARPANET in August 1972. As we can see, there were more than in March. (Photo: UCLA)<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>At this point, a new name appears that will mark the future of the ARPANET project: <strong>Robert Kahn<\/strong>. Besides being an engineering professor at MIT, he worked at <em>Bolt, Beranek, and Newman<\/em> (BBN), which had developed the <strong>IMPs<\/strong> in 1968.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1972<\/strong>, he joined <strong>DARPA<\/strong> and participated in October of that year in the <em>International Computer Communication Conference<\/em>, where he connected <strong>40 computers<\/strong> through <strong>ARPANET<\/strong>. It was the first time the project had been presented to the public.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Kahn<\/strong> was director of the Information Processing Techniques Office at DARPA, where he implemented its vision of an <strong>open architecture<\/strong> network. However, this technique was <strong>limited by<\/strong> the Network Control Protocol (<strong>NCP<\/strong>) upon which ARPANET was based, as it was only connected through Interface Message Processors <strong>IMPs<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Is This When the Internet as We Know It Began?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1973.<\/strong> To open up the network, development of a new protocol began in this year: <em>Transmission Control Protocol\/ Internet Protocol<\/em> (<strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong>). This aimed <strong>for every network to be independent<\/strong> and not to change if another network was disconnected. As they wanted it to be more efficient, they imagined \u201cblack boxes\u201d that <strong>would interconnect networks without storing information<\/strong> about connections and didn\u2019t expect there to be a central control, so that operations could occur without mediation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This was the first version of what we currently know as <strong>IP addresses<\/strong> (IP meaning <em>Internet Protocol<\/em>). Technically, <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> also began to look more like the current <strong>Internet<\/strong>. For example, the \u201c<strong>black boxes<\/strong>\u201d were baptized <em>routers<\/em> and <em>gateways<\/em>, which are devices that the companies we contract service from put in our homes to connect us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1973<\/strong> was a big year for network openness as the <strong>first international connection<\/strong> was made from ARPANET to <em>University College London<\/em>. Moreover, a new network was presented: <strong>Ethernet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1974.<\/strong> Barely two years after ARPANET had been presented to the public, the first commercial version appeared, called <strong>Telenet<\/strong>. Detailed specifications of <strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong> were published.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1975.<\/strong> The first <strong>satellite links<\/strong> were made, and the first router was created at <strong>Xerox PARC<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1977.<\/strong> <strong>Xerox<\/strong> obtained the patent for <strong>Ethernet<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1979.<\/strong> The <strong>first emoticons<\/strong> appeared.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1982.<\/strong> <strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong> was established as the base protocol of <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> and the <strong>first definition<\/strong> appeared <strong>of what<\/strong> the <strong>Internet<\/strong> is: A TCP\/IP network that connects other smaller TCP\/IP networks. The use of networks advanced in Europe and Xerox released the Ethernet trademark.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1983.<\/strong> All computers connected to <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> officially transferred <strong>from NCP to IP<\/strong> and the <em>Domain Name System<\/em> (DNS) emerged, which referred to databases to detect users\u2019 IP addresses and provide their location.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1984.<\/strong> Apple launched its famous <strong>Macintosh<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1985.<\/strong> The <strong>first internet domain<\/strong> was given to the company Symbolics Inc. (symbolics.com).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1986.<\/strong> The <em>Network News Transfer Protocol<\/em> (<strong>NNTP<\/strong>) was developed with the aim of improving the transfer of <em>News<\/em> via <strong>TCP\/IP<\/strong>. In <strong>Mexico<\/strong>, although it didn\u2019t yet have much infrastructure for this type of technology, <strong>MX records<\/strong> emerged to be able to receive emails despite users not having an IP address.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1987.<\/strong> The first private operator (ISP) appeared in the United States to offer Internet service for commercial purposes (<strong>UUNet<\/strong>). Although <strong>Telenet<\/strong> had emerged in 1974, it was such a new technology that the U.S. didn\u2019t have the infrastructure to reach most of the population. At the start, it only caught the attention of people in the <strong>information technology<\/strong> field.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1988.<\/strong> On October 12, the <strong><a href=\"\/en\/tech\/mexico-first-internet-connection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">f<\/a><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/tecnologia\/primera-conexion-internet-en-mexico\/\"><strong>irst Internet connection in Mexico<\/strong><\/a> was made between the Monterrey Campus of <strong>Tec de Monterrey<\/strong> and the <strong>School of Medicine of the University of Texas<\/strong> at San Antonio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/first-conection-of-internet-in-mexico.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/first-conection-of-internet-in-mexico.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/first-conection-of-internet-in-mexico.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/first-conection-of-internet-in-mexico-300x200.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Daniel Trujillo, one of the Tec de Monterrey pioneers who participated in the first Internet connection between Mexico and the U.S. (Photo: Courtesy of Rafael Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez \/ Tec de Monterrey)<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>That year, the <strong>first cyberattack<\/strong> occurred. This was a <em>malware<\/em> known as the \u201c<strong>Morris worm<\/strong>\u201d that infected 6,000 of the 60,000 users who had <strong>ARPANET<\/strong> at the time, which led to <strong>DARPA<\/strong> creating a Computer Emergency Response Team.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1990.<\/strong> The decade opened with the official death of <strong>ARPANET<\/strong>, substituted by the <em>National Science Foundation Network<\/em> (<strong>NSFNET<\/strong>), series of networks developed by the U.S. government through the <em>National Science Foundation<\/em>, which ended up being <strong>replaced by commercial operators<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By this time, there was already extensive knowledge of the <strong>Internet<\/strong> by <strong>scientific elites around the world<\/strong>. After the design of a more open architecture, international computer scientists could add options to extend it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1991.<\/strong> At the European Organization for Nuclear Research (<strong>CERN<\/strong>), headquartered in Switzerland and possessing the largest particle physics laboratory in the world, Brit <strong>Time Berners-Lee<\/strong> presented the <strong><em>World Wide Web<\/em><\/strong>, a system that used the <strong>Internet<\/strong> to transmit different types of data via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (<strong>HTTP<\/strong>), whose code was completely free with the promise that there would be no charge for its use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-6.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-162516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-6.jpg 750w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2024\/05\/internet-history-6-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Tim Berners-Lee poses next to his computer, which displays the historic logo of the web, created by Robert Cailliau, a CERN engineer who also collaborated on developing the World Wide Web. (Photo: CERN)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1994.<\/strong> Tim Berners-Lee founded the <strong>World Wide Web Consortium<\/strong> (W3C), whose headquarters are at MIT, in order to standardize web development. <strong>Yahoo!<\/strong> emerged as one of the first search engines, as well as <strong>Amazon<\/strong> and other virtual stores.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1995.<\/strong> Microsoft presented <strong>Windows 95<\/strong>, and the world wide web (<strong>www<\/strong>) established itself as an excellent <strong>internet platform<\/strong> by being more effective than other protocols such as <strong>FTP<\/strong>. In the U.S., NSFNET was officially ended, and <strong>phone companies<\/strong> began to offer <strong>Internet<\/strong> service, which began to have massive reach. <strong>eBay<\/strong> was created, one of the first auction and e-commerce stores.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1998.<\/strong> <strong>Google<\/strong> emerged to usurp other search engines such as <strong>AltaVista<\/strong> and <strong>Yahoo!<\/strong> and proceeded to revolutionize the <strong>Internet commerce<\/strong> industry by presenting its online advertising system <strong><em>AdWords<\/em><\/strong> in 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2000.<\/strong> The Internet <em>boom<\/em> began in this decade. By reaching a mass audience through phone companies, it started a true revolution that changed the way we communicate.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After decades of people sitting in front of the television, the arrival of <strong>YouTube<\/strong> in <strong>2005<\/strong> changed how this decade\u2019s children and young people consumed both programs and advertising. What\u2019s more, <strong>social networks<\/strong> emerged, with <strong>Myspace<\/strong> in 2003, <strong>Facebook<\/strong> in 2004, <strong>Twitter<\/strong> (now <strong>X<\/strong>) in 2006, and <strong>Instagram<\/strong> in 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The transformation was complete; the <strong>military project<\/strong> that began in the laboratories of MIT had managed to connect the entire world and started a <strong>digital age<\/strong> that changed the daily lives of most people around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Did you find this story interesting? Would you like to publish it?\u00a0 Get in touch with our content editor to find out more at <\/em><\/strong><a href=\"mailto:marianaleonm@tec.mx\"><strong><em>marianaleonm@tec.mx<\/em><\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the late 1950s it began as a data and information exchange network, in response to a great technological advance by the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":162518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[135,24],"class_list":["post-162502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech","tag-school-of-engineering-and-sciences","tag-technology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>History of the internet: How was it born and evolved? | TecScience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What began as a military project would lead to a digital revolution that transformed the world. 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