{"id":167343,"date":"2025-01-21T14:08:11","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T20:08:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?p=167343"},"modified":"2025-02-20T15:18:06","modified_gmt":"2025-02-20T21:18:06","slug":"eradicating-hiv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/health\/eradicating-hiv\/","title":{"rendered":"Two Groups of Scientists are Working on HIV Vaccines (and are Getting Closer to Creating Them)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Eradicating the human <strong>immunodeficiency virus<\/strong> (HIV) is the dream of many doctors and scientists who have dedicated their lives to studying it and treating the people who contract it. However, achieving this will require efforts on many fronts, including creating an <a href=\"\/en\/health\/hiv-vaccine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">effective vaccine<\/a>, bringing existing treatments to all those who are infected and eliminating the social stigma associated with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe have to believe that we can do it,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/ragoninstitute.org\/bruce-d-walker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bruce Walker<\/a>, a physician and scientist who specializes in infectious disease and director at the <a href=\"https:\/\/ragoninstitute.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ragon Institute<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Walker finished medical school at the time when a new disease \u2013now called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by HIV\u2013 began causing deaths among the United States population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At that time, in the late 1980s, contracting HIV \u2013a sexually transmitted virus\u2013 was l<strong>ike a death sentence<\/strong>, since it was still unknown to science.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI decided that instead of treating patients exclusively, I would also <strong>study their immune response in the lab<\/strong>,\u201d Walker recalls.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, after more than 30 years of continuous research, him and many scientists around the world have come to deeply understand the virus and the situation is no longer as bleak as it used to be.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, treatments that guarantee the survival of those who contract it are available and vaccines that could prevent it from spreading are being created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<strong>The vaccine that is being developed here at the Ragon Institute is going to be tried in people this spring<\/strong>,\u201d Walker says. \u201cWe are optimistic\u2026but we could be wrong.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-tecscience wp-block-embed-tecscience\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"5Ptelv7PBE\"><a href=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/health\/ragon-institute-tec-de-monterrey\/\">How a Collaboration in Immunology Can Transform Health Care in Latin America<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;How a Collaboration in Immunology Can Transform Health Care in Latin America&#8221; &#8212; TecScience\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/health\/ragon-institute-tec-de-monterrey\/embed\/#?secret=6lWbzaivpT#?secret=5Ptelv7PBE\" data-secret=\"5Ptelv7PBE\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">HIV: A Virus That Mutates at Unimaginable Rates<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>With the <a href=\"\/en\/tag\/covid-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Covid-19<\/a> pandemic, a global effort showed that creating a vaccine can be very fast, however, for decades, researchers around the world have sought to create one against HIV unsuccessfully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWith Covid-19, we had to create <strong>new versions of the vaccines for the different variants because the virus mutates<\/strong>,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/ragoninstitute.org\/facundo-batista\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Facundo Batista<\/a>, a researcher who specializes in the immune system and scientific director at the <a href=\"\/en\/health\/ragon-institute-tec-de-monterrey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ragon Institute<\/a>. <strong>But HIV has one of the highest mutation rates known of any virus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe HIV variants that develop <strong>in a single person are equivalent to all those that were generated from the influenza virus around the world during the 1996 pandemic,<\/strong>\u201d explains Batista. When our body begins to understand the virus and mount a battle against it, it has already changed multiple times and become unrecognizable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is why finding a vaccine against it is so difficult, but scientists have not given up. \u201cWe are trying to <strong>train the immune system with these vaccines to hit the virus where it\u2019s most vulnerable<\/strong>,\u201d Walker says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Elite Controllers and One HIV Vaccine<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A group led by <a href=\"https:\/\/ragoninstitute.org\/lab\/gaiha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gaurav Gaiha<\/a>, of which Walker is a member, is working on creating an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.aav5095\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">HIV vaccine<\/a> that induces the immune system to create a <strong>special type of killer T cell<\/strong> that is capable of detecting a <strong>part of the virus that cannot mutate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This <strong>type of killer T cell was discovered by Walker<\/strong> and his mentors in 1994, when they received a patient who had contracted HIV 15 years earlier, but had not developed AIDS. <strong>He was perfectly healthy without having taken antiretroviral drugs<\/strong> or any type of medication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After years of study and finding <strong>other people who managed to naturally control their HIV infection<\/strong> -known as <a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/17720999\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">elite controllers<\/a>&#8211; the group of experts discovered that, for reasons still unknown, there are some who become infected, but manage to keep the levels of the virus to an undetectable level without needing to take drugs. Only one in 300 infected people is capable of this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All humans have killer T cells, which are part of our immune system and kill infected cells by detecting fragments of viruses or bacteria inside them. Elite controllers have a special type that allows them to detect a part of HIV that cannot mutate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe still don\u2019t entirely understand why some people are so fortunate as to get this particular flavor of killer T cell,\u201d says Walker. \u201cBut the fact that they exist<strong> has to give us hope that we can overcome the devastation of this disease.<\/strong>\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The vaccine they are working on will not only be able to prevent HIV infection, but also serve as a treatment. A first version of it will be tested on humans in the <strong>spring of 2025<\/strong>, however, the researcher estimates that it will take another <strong>10 years or so for it to reach the market<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Mother of All Vaccines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the same time, the laboratory led by Batista is part of a multi-institutional consortium that is working on <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39213338\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">another vaccine<\/a> that could prevent HIV infection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This one works by stimulating the immune system to produce a type of antibody &#8211; called broadly neutralizing- that is capable of <strong>recognizing and eliminating between 70% and 90% of HIV variants<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To achieve this, the researchers designed a vaccine component that interacts with B cells (white blood cells that create antibodies) of the immune system and induces it to create them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Batista&#8217;s laboratory tested a single dose of this component in animal models and found that it increased the activity of this type of antibody, neutralizing some of the HIV variants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8220;Slowly this puzzle is coming together, but we are still in an early stage,&#8221; says the researcher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To get the final vaccine, new components need to be designed so that, together with the one that has already been created and tested, they can eliminate most of the virus models in animal models and then human trials, which will take about 10 or 15 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the future, <strong>the idea is that both vaccines can be used simultaneously in people to give them powerful protection<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cI call it the mother of all vaccines,\u201d says Batista. According to him, if they manage to create them, it will be much easier to make vaccines against other difficult diseases, such as tuberculosis, in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obtaining the HIV vaccine is especially important to end the disease in Africa, where it has been especially devastating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIn developed countries and parts of Latin America there are drugs that can control the infection, so people stop being afraid\u201d says Batista. \u201cBut <strong>there is no doubt that we need a vaccine<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Eradicate HIV<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the future, to truly eradicate HIV, we will not only need to develop efficient vaccines, but also need expand prevention -that is, pre-exposure prophylaxis (known as PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (known as PEP)- and the existing <a href=\"\/en\/health\/lenacapavir-hiv-drug\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">treatments<\/a> so that they reach all infected people and those who are most vulnerable to contracting the virus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Both PrEP and PEP are medications that are administered to people before or after a risky sexual encounter or situation, to prevent infection from occurring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c<strong>In Mexico, PrEP and PEP come in the form of a pill that mixes two are medications that trick the virus and prevent it from creating new copies<\/strong>,\u201d says <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uanl.mx\/investigadores\/eduardo-perez-alba\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Eduardo P\u00e9rez<\/a><\/strong>, an internist physician at <a href=\"\/en\/tag\/tecsalud\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">TecSalud<\/a> and vice president of the HIV Committee of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amimc.org.mx\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mexican Association of Infectology and Clinical Microbiology<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>People who develop AIDS can also be treated with these drugs to control the disease and live a healthy life. \u201c<strong>Today, in Mexico, the life expectancy of a person diagnosed with HIV is between 50 and 60 years after the diagnosis<\/strong>,\u201d says P\u00e9rez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But, for all this to really work, it is essential that the social stigma that has surrounded HIV\/AIDS for years disappears. The fact that people are afraid to know if they are infected or not is worrying, because it means that there are some who carry the disease without knowing it, becoming a source of contagion. \u201cIn Mexico, <strong>two out of 10 people living with HIV do not know they are<\/strong>,\u201d warns P\u00e9rez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, eradicating HIV will require prolonged efforts by researchers, doctors, pharmaceutical companies, governments and societies. \u201cI think we can become smart enough to figure out how to do it,\u201d says Walker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Were you interested in this story? Do you want to publish it? Contact our content editor to learn more <a href=\"mailto:marianaleonm@tec.mx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">marianaleonm@tec.mx<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>After more than 30 years of continuous research, scientists have gained a deep understanding of the virus.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":167344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[224,531,144],"class_list":["post-167343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-health","tag-ragon-institute","tag-tecsalud"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.0 (Yoast SEO v27.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Eradicating HIV Could be Closer Than we Think | 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