{"id":168630,"date":"2025-02-25T15:11:48","date_gmt":"2025-02-25T21:11:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?p=168630"},"modified":"2025-03-14T16:13:55","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T22:13:55","slug":"transgenic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/biotechnology\/transgenic\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Definition of a Transgenic Organism?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

The short definition of a transgenic organism is a cell or organism whose genome has been altered through the artificial introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species. However, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute<\/a>, transgenic organisms are primarily developed in laboratories for research purposes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A key milestone in the history of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was the discovery of Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/em>, a soil bacterium capable of infecting plant cells and transferring a specific segment of its DNA into them. This bacterium is also responsible for crown gall disease in plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Dawn of Modern Biotechnology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The development of genetically modified organisms marked the beginning of a new branch of science: modern biotechnology. This field encompasses various methods of manipulating genetic information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not always about inserting genetic material from one species into another, but rather about creating something new that doesn\u2019t exist in nature, with a specific human-interest purpose, usually in production,\u201d explains Ana Wegier<\/a>, a researcher at the Botanical Garden of the Institute of Biology, UNAM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molecular Mechanisms Behind Genetic Modification<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953 paved the way for molecular tools that helped scientists understand recombinant and non-recombinant DNA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo create recombinant DNA, you need specific molecular scissors, so to speak. This was made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes in certain microorganisms, which use them as a defense mechanism. There are also other enzymes called ligases, which\u2014as the name suggests\u2014allow DNA segments to be joined together,\u201d explains Paola Angulo<\/a>, a professor and researcher in the Department of Bioengineering and part of the Food Security research initiative at Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When a cell incorporates a new gene into its DNA, its genetic material is reorganized and modified, potentially granting it new characteristics. Transgenic organisms exist because cells can integrate genes from other living beings. This is possible because DNA has a universal structure across all organisms, enabling natural incorporation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If a foreign DNA fragment enters a cell and is not degraded, it can integrate into the genome through a process known as genetic recombination. The new DNA then becomes part of the host organism, granting it the properties associated with that gene, as explained in Transg\u00e9nicos, grandes beneficios, ausencia de da\u00f1os y mitos (2017), a book coordinated by Francisco Bol\u00edvar Zapata and published by El Colegio Nacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1973, geneticists Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first transgenic organism by inserting a fragment of frog DNA into a bacterial plasmid (used as a vector for molecular cloning of transgenes) and introducing it into Escherichia coli, as documented in the book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWith these recombinant DNA methodologies, biotechnology reached a new dimension. Thanks to them, scientists could isolate specific genes from any organism, amplify them, and introduce them into another via horizontal DNA transfer, generating transgenic or genetically modified organisms,\u201d the publication states.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1983, researcher Mary-Dell Chilton led the team that developed the first genetically modified plant, demonstrating that a bacterial cell could transfer DNA to a plant cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How Genetic Modification Differs from Selective Breeding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Wegier emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between genetically modified organisms and other genetic improvement techniques that do not have the same effects, such as hybridization<\/a> or phenotypic selection\u2014the latter referring to the identification of observable traits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Selective breeding involves choosing genetic variants or strains based on their phenotypes (rather than their genomes) through repeated selection and breeding. According to the 2023 article Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing in Plants, Animals, and Humans: Facts and Myths, published in Gene,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cOrganisms that undergo natural selection experience random genetic changes over long periods and are phenotypically selected by nature to better adapt to their environment.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both genetic engineering and selective breeding require human intervention, the article explains, but they conceptually resemble natural selection in producing new genetic variants in plants and animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Precautionary Measures and the Role of Bioethics<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Angulo highlights the importance of applying precautionary principles when dealing with genetically modified organisms and considering bioethical implications. Each case and context in which transgenic organisms are introduced into an ecosystem should be carefully analyzed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor example, imagine arriving in a jungle and deciding to cut down all the tall trees to extract a compound. The lower vegetation would be negatively affected because it has adapted to the shade and humidity provided by those trees. That kind of adaptation doesn\u2019t happen quickly or easily,\u201d the biotechnologist explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

She emphasizes that everything in nature is the result of millions of years of evolution, with a high degree of adaptation to selection pressures, fitness, and environmental constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis process is called genetic drift\u2014it determines which genes persist and which are eliminated. Nature selects genes that no longer serve a purpose, ensuring that every aspect of a habitat is highly designed and integrated to coexist and sustain future generations.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Angulo, evolution is a powerful force, and humans must be mindful of their impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s like cutting in line\u2014we arrive thousands of years later and say, \u2018Here\u2019s my transgenic organism, let\u2019s plant it here.\u2019 That can have significant environmental consequences.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

GMOs in Everyday Life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Today, genetically modified organisms are part of daily life, particularly in pharmaceuticals. For instance, insulin, interferon (used to treat herpes and certain cancers), and vaccines against infectious diseases like hepatitis and influenza rely on genetic modification, according to Bol\u00edvar Zapata\u2019s book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, some genetically modified crops are grown in just 29 countries, according to a 2022 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). These crops, which include soybeans, canola, potatoes, papayas, and corn, are directly or indirectly consumed worldwide. Other genetically modified plants, such as cotton, have also benefited from genetic sequencing technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, to ensure the highest levels of food safety, international regulations\u2014such as the Cartagena Protocol\u2014govern the handling, export, and consumption of genetically modified organisms, alongside each country\u2019s specific legislation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


Did you find this story interesting? Would you like to publish it? Contact our content editor to learn more at\u00a0marianaleonm@tec.mx<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Since the discovery of the DNA double helix in 1953 and the development of molecular tools, along with the advent of biotechnology, genetically modified organisms have become part of our daily lives.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":168631,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[93],"tags":[156,542],"class_list":["post-168630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biotechnology","tag-biotechnology","tag-industrial-transformation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhat is the Definition of a Transgenic Organism? | TecScience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn the definition and explanation of what a transgenic organism is and why it's important to understand its history and current applications.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/biotechnology\/transgenic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is the Definition of a Transgenic Organism?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn the definition and explanation of what a transgenic organism is and why it's important to understand its history and current applications.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/biotechnology\/transgenic\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"TecScience\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-02-25T21:11:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-03-14T22:13:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2025\/03\/transgenico-que-es.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"TecScience\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"TecScience\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"TecScience\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/2cb21529224a81080d5bb51f3ff1587e\"},\"headline\":\"What is the Definition of a Transgenic Organism?\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-02-25T21:11:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-03-14T22:13:55+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":1014,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/9\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/transgenico-que-es.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"biotechnology\",\"Industrial Transformation\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Biotechnology\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tecscience.tec.mx\\\/en\\\/biotechnology\\\/transgenic\\\/\",\"name\":\"What is the Definition of a Transgenic Organism? 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