{"id":169081,"date":"2025-04-07T10:33:41","date_gmt":"2025-04-07T16:33:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?p=169081"},"modified":"2025-04-08T10:53:24","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T16:53:24","slug":"smallest-pacemaker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/health\/smallest-pacemaker\/","title":{"rendered":"The World\u2019s Smallest Pacemaker Is Activated by Light"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Researchers at Northwestern University in the United States have developed a <strong>pacemaker<\/strong> so small\u2014just 1.8 mm wide and 3.5 mm long\u2014that it can fit inside the needle of a syringe, making its application safe and minimally invasive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Smaller than a grain of rice<\/strong>, this device is designed primarily for newborns with congenital heart defects, though it could also be used for larger hearts, according to a study published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1078512\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nature<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The pacemaker works in tandem with a portable, wireless device that sits on the patient\u2019s chest to regulate stimulation. When it detects an irregular heartbeat, <strong>it sends out a light pulse strong<\/strong> enough to penetrate the skin and sternum, activating the pacemaker to restore the heart\u2019s rhythm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once it reaches the end of its lifespan, the entire system naturally dissolves into the body\u2019s fluids thanks to its bioresorbable design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">For Hearts Big and Small<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The study, led by bioelectronics pioneer John A. Rogers and cardiologist Igor Efimov, demonstrated the device\u2019s effectiveness in both small and large animal models, as well as in human donor hearts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe\u2019ve developed what we believe is the world\u2019s smallest pacemaker,\u201d said Rogers, noting that the need for such devices <strong>in newborn patients<\/strong> is \u201ccritical.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur primary motivation was children,\u201d added Efimov, pointing out that roughly <strong>1% of all children are born with congenital heart <\/strong>conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The good news, according to Efimov,<strong> is that these children typically only need a pacemaker for a short period<\/strong> following surgery. After about seven days, most patients\u2019 hearts heal on their own. \u201cNow we can place it in a baby\u2019s heart and stimulate it using a gentle, portable device,\u201d he said\u2014one that doesn\u2019t require surgery to be removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Powered by the Body\u2019s Own Fluids<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To shrink the pacemaker\u2019s size, researchers explored how to power it without the need for wires or receiver antennas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather than using near-field communication (NFC), as they did in a previous prototype, the new device runs on a galvanic cell\u2014essentially a battery that <strong>converts chemical energy into electricity.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Specifically, the pacemaker uses two different metals to deliver electrical pulses to the heart. When in contact with surrounding body fluids, the electrodes themselves turn into a functioning battery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWhen the pacemaker is implanted in the body, t<strong>he surrounding biofluids act as the conductive electrolyte<\/strong> that electrically connects the two metal pads to form the battery,\u201d Rogers explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Light-Activated Function<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Engineers also realized that the human body is a surprisingly good conductor of light. They incorporated infrared light into the system to safely penetrate tissue and detect dips in heart rate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the external device picks up on an irregular heartbeat, it activates a light-emitting diode that flashes in sync with the rhythm of a healthy heart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThe <strong>heart requires only minimal electrical stimulation,<\/strong>\u201d Rogers said. \u201cBy shrinking the device, we drastically simplify implantation procedures, reduce trauma, and minimize patient risk,\u201d he concluded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A Reabsorbable Device<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This work builds on a previous breakthrough by Rogers and Efimov, when they developed <strong>the first bioresorbable pacemaker<\/strong>. Their aim was to meet the needs of patients who required a temporary pacemaker while awaiting a permanent one\u2014or to help restore normal heart rate during recovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Until recently, surgeons would sew electrodes directly onto the myocardium during surgery and connect them to an external pacemaker through the chest. Once the device was no longer needed, the electrodes were pulled out,<strong> often risking tears or tissue damage.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response to this clinical challenge, they introduced a dissolvable pacemaker in Nature Biotechnology in 2021\u2014a thin, flexible, and lightweight device that eliminated bulky batteries and wires altogether. (Via <a href=\"https:\/\/www.agenciasinc.es\/Noticias\/El-marcapasos-mas-pequeno-del-mundo-se-activa-con-luz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Sinc Agency<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A team of U.S. engineers has now developed a device that can be injected into the body with minimal invasion and emits pulses of light to activate itself in cases of arrhythmia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":169082,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[224],"class_list":["post-169081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health","tag-health"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.0 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ 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