{"id":170727,"date":"2025-08-13T15:01:57","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T21:01:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?p=170727"},"modified":"2025-08-19T15:16:46","modified_gmt":"2025-08-19T21:16:46","slug":"sebastian-mazzuca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/education-and-humanism\/sebastian-mazzuca\/","title":{"rendered":"Sebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca and the Puzzle of Why Some Countries Prosper and Others Don\u2019t"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

As a kid, Sebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca describes himself as a \u201ctotal science nerd,\u201d captivated by the rules that govern our natural world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At first, he thought the big unknowns lay in physics or chemistry. But the more he learned, the more he realized: we know far less about how societies function than about the universe itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That realization led him to pursue political science. Today, with a PhD in the field and a master\u2019s degree in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, Mazzuca is part of the Faculty of Excellence<\/a> at Tec de Monterrey\u2019s School of Social Sciences and Government<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A personal history that shaped his research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Mazzuca\u2019s curiosity doesn\u2019t stem solely from an intellectual puzzle. It\u2019s also deeply personal\u2014rooted in his parents\u2019 experiences during Argentina\u2019s dictatorship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On March 24, 1976, a coup d\u2019\u00e9tat<\/em> installed a brutal military regime. Six years later, democracy returned with the election of Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn. One of his first acts as president was to create the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons, charged with investigating the dictatorship\u2019s crimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gradually, the countries touched by Operation Condor<\/a> also found their way back to democracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAfter that transition, democracy felt incredibly fragile<\/strong>\u2014but also inspiring,\u201d Mazzuca recalls. \u201cIf we could deepen our understanding of how countries escape poverty and build stable democracies, that would be amazing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Motivated by that goal, he completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Buenos Aires and then left for California to earn a master\u2019s in economics at Berkeley.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why are some countries poor?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Arriving in Berkeley\u2019s classrooms, influenced by thinkers like Karl Marx and Adam Smith, Mazzuca began to explore Latin America\u2019s development challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over time, his perspective shifted. He no longer fully embraced Marx and Engels\u2019 notion that class struggle and economic forces alone shape society. For Mazzuca, it\u2019s politics that fundamentally mold a nation\u2019s economy<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 2021, he published his most comprehensive work on the subject: Latecomer State Formation: Political Geography and Capacity Failure in Latin America<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe single most important question in economics, to me, is why some countries are rich and others are poor<\/strong>. Wrapping your head around that is absolutely mind-blowing,\u201d he says. To tackle it in the South American context, he turned to Argentina and Brazil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He points to parallels between global powers like the United States and nations such as Argentina\u2014countries that, at one point, seemed destined to follow similar paths.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But history took a different turn. \u201cThere\u2019s a world that never happened, but could have: a South America as prosperous as North America,\u201d he explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For him, dysfunctional political divisions were the stumbling block<\/strong>. His approach is to \u201cthink of countries as relatively arbitrary combinations of regions\u2014some combinations work better than others.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to his theory, in Argentina and Brazil, economic hubs are tied to poorer peripheries simply because they share the same national borders. This, he argues, harms both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The hubs face unfavorable exchange rates that drive up costs and strain local economies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meanwhile, the peripheries demand transfers that, instead of fostering development, mostly serve to sustain their political elites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The result? Neither region reaches its full potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With different political boundaries, Mazzuca argues, things could have unfolded otherwise:
\u201cThere\u2019s a possible country made up of Argentina\u2019s fertile Pampas\u2014Buenos Aires, Entre R\u00edos, Santa Fe, C\u00f3rdoba\u2014together with Uruguay and parts of southern Brazil. That country could have been another Australia, if only it had autonomy.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bridging two countries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Looking ahead, Mazzuca doubts that today\u2019s states and borders will last forever. In a future shaped by globalization and increasingly powerful city networks, he believes Tec de Monterrey can play a pivotal role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s why he continues to hold his position at Johns Hopkins University, seeking to build bridges between the two institutions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One of American education\u2019s blind spots, he insists, is its lack of attention to Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFor any U.S. student, spending a year at Tec in Mexico would be invaluable for truly understanding their neighbor,\u201d he concludes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interested in publishing this story? Contact our content editor at marianaleonm@tec.mx<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca\u2019s childhood in Argentina under military dictatorship shaped his lifelong interest in politics and economics. Today, he\u2019s a professor at the Faculty of Excellence at Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":170728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[558],"tags":[372],"class_list":["post-170727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-education-and-humanism","tag-school-of-social-sciences-and-government"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca and the Puzzle of Why Some Countries Prosper and Others Don\u2019t | TecScience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sebasti\u00e1n Mazzuca\u2019s childhood in Argentina under military dictatorship shaped his lifelong interest in politics and economics. 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