{"id":172883,"date":"2026-03-27T10:52:18","date_gmt":"2026-03-27T16:52:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/?post_type=sciencecommunication&#038;p=172883"},"modified":"2026-03-30T11:57:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T17:57:24","slug":"plastic-recycling","status":"publish","type":"sciencecommunication","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/science-communication\/plastic-recycling\/","title":{"rendered":"Plastics Under Scrutiny: Recycling Isn\u2019t Always Greener"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>By Lydia Elena P\u00e9rez Pastrana and&nbsp;<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/research.tec.mx\/vivo-tec\/display\/PID_479756\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Iv\u00e1n Garc\u00eda Kerdan<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Single-use plastics are at the center of today\u2019s environmental debate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally, plastic production topped 400 million tons in 2022, driven largely by demand for single-use packaging\u2014especially in agri-food systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While this packaging helps preserve food and expand access to basic goods, its production and disposal carry high environmental costs. Recycling is often framed as the solution, but it\u2019s far from straightforward\u2014and doesn\u2019t always deliver meaningful reductions in impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A recent study, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666784325001342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cEnvironmental performance of single-use plastic packaging: A life cycle assessment of end-of-life scenarios in the agri-food sector,\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;<\/em> takes a broader view. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), it evaluates environmental impacts across every stage of a product\u2019s life\u2014from raw material extraction to final disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings are stark: only about 9% of plastic is effectively recycled. The rest ends up in landfills, incinerators, or, worse, dispersed in the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Rather than focusing solely on waste management, the study analyzed 102 different scenarios, combining plastic type, the product being packaged, recycled content, and end-of-life pathways to assess the impact of the entire packaging system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Measuring recycling\u2019s real impact<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The researchers examined different material compositions\u2014virgin plastics, blends with recycled content, and options that include energy recovery\u2014alongside five end-of-life strategies: mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, incineration, incineration with energy recovery, and landfilling. They applied these scenarios to six common agri-food products: rice, beans, corn, vegetable oil, water, and detergent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This approach makes clear that the question isn\u2019t just which material is \u201cbetter,\u201d but under what conditions\u2014and in which context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Increasing recycled content does reduce impacts in some manufacturing stages. In other cases, however, the benefits are marginal\u2014or offset by impacts during use or disposal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recycling matters, but its effectiveness hinges on real-world recovery rates, the quality of recycled material, and the infrastructure available to process it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the study\u2019s most important findings: the environmental footprint of packaging depends heavily on its contents. In many scenarios, the impacts associated with the product itself\u2014particularly foods with high water footprints or intensive fertilizer use\u2014far outweigh those of the plastic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Take low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags. The same bag used to package rice or vegetable oil can have a much higher environmental impact than when used for beans or corn\u2014not because of the plastic, but because those products require more water, energy, and processing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The takeaway is clear: evaluating packaging sustainability without considering its function can lead to incomplete conclusions. Swapping materials doesn\u2019t offset the footprint of a resource-intensive product.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Not all plastics perform\u2014or recycle\u2014the same way. LDPE bags tended to show the highest environmental impacts, especially when paired with resource-intensive products and inefficient disposal methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By contrast, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containers generally performed better, thanks to their durability and higher recyclability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), widely recycled in Mexico, proved highly sensitive to end-of-life outcomes. It performs well when it\u2019s actually recovered and recycled\u2014but loses its advantage if it ends up as waste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Polypropylene (PP), commonly used in caps, yogurt containers, and reusable packaging, showed wide variability. Its environmental impact isn\u2019t fixed: it depends on how it\u2019s used, how long it lasts, and what happens to it at the end of its life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-1024x488.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"488\" src=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-1024x488.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-172884\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-1024x488.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-300x143.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-768x366.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-1536x732.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2026\/03\/plastic-recycling-map-2048x977.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Map of the State of Mexico highlighting its location within the country and the municipalities of Toluca and Tlalnepantla de Baz, selected as case studies due to their high waste generation, plastic consumption, and data availability.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Mexican context<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The State of Mexico served as the case study, home to nearly 17 million people. It generates about 16,739 tons of waste every day\u2014roughly one kilogram per person\u2014with a significant share made up of packaging (32%) and plastics (13%), including PET, HDPE, PP, and LDPE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Municipalities such as Toluca and Tlalnepantla, marked by high consumption and waste generation, illustrate how\u2014within a high-volume waste context, where the state accounts for about 12% of the national total\u2014the impact of packaging cannot be analyzed in isolation, but as part of a local system shaped by both consumption patterns and waste management practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In practical terms, this means it\u2019s not enough for a material to be \u201cbetter\u201d in theory. If it\u2019s used at scale or poorly managed, its impact grows just the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Mexico, material recovery relies heavily on informal recyclers\u2014key actors who are rarely included in environmental assessments. Accounting for their role provides a more realistic picture of the waste management system and reinforces the idea that there are no one-size-fits-all solutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The findings challenge the notion that plastic sustainability can be solved simply by switching materials or increasing recycling rates. In many cases, the greatest environmental gains come from rethinking what is packaged, how it\u2019s consumed, and how waste is managed\u2014through a systems-level lens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is no such thing as an \u201cideal\u201d plastic in the abstract. Sustainability depends on a combination of factors: the product type, packaging design, its useful life, and the efficiency of the waste management system it enters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plastic Europe,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/knowledge-hub\/plastics-the-fast-facts-2023\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cPlastics the fast Facts 2023-1,\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;Brussels, Oct. 2023. Accessed: Mar. 26, 2024. [Online]. Available: Circular Economy for Plastics \u2013 A European Overview\u2019 report, early 2024.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/37456.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cISO 14040:2006 \u2013 Environmental management \u2014 Life cycle assessment \u2014 Principles and framework.\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;Accessed: Sep. 29, 2025. [Online].&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>L. Perez-Pastrana, Z. Guevara, E. Castillo, J. Ascencio Gutierrez, R. Bustamante-Bello, and I. Garc\u00eda Kerdan<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666784325001342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">, \u201cEnvironmental performance of single-use plastic packaging: A life cycle assessment of end-of-life scenarios in the agri-food sector,\u201d&nbsp;<\/a><em>Cleaner and Responsible Consumption<\/em>, vol. 20, p. 100383, 2026<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R. Hossain, M. T. Islam, A. Ghose, and V. Sahajwalla,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0959652622027160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cFull circle: Challenges and prospects for plastic waste management in Australia to achieve circular economy,\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;<em>J Clean Prod<\/em>, vol. 368, p. 133127, Sep. 2022<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P. Prajapati&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S2352186421003977\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">, \u201cCritical review on technological advancements for effective waste management of municipal solid waste \u2014 Updates and way forward: Advancements in Municipal Solid Waste Management,\u201d<\/a>&nbsp;<em>Environ Technol Innov<\/em>, vol. 23, 2021<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J. Trevi\u00f1o Aguado, \u201cPLAN DE MANEJO ECOCE,\u201d CDMX, Nov. 2019. Accessed: Oct. 23, 2023. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ecoce.mx\/plan_nacional<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ecolog\u00eda y Compromiso Empresarial, \u201c2020: El Reciclaje en M\u00e9xico es la mejor soluci\u00f3n para el cuidado del medio ambiente y generaci\u00f3n de empleos,\u201d&nbsp;<em>ECOCE<\/em>, 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/586570857\/ECOCE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cInforme de 20 a\u00f1os ECOCE\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>B. Espinosa-Aquino, X. Gabarrell Durany, and R. Quir\u00f3s Vargas.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/15\/3\/1826\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cThe Role of Informal Waste Management in Urban Metabolism: A Review of Eight Latin American Countries<\/a>,\u201d&nbsp;<em>Sustainability (Switzerland)<\/em>, vol. 15, no. 3, Feb. 2023<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Author<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lydia Elena P\u00e9rez Pastrana<\/strong>. PhD candidate in Engineering Sciences and a lecturer at Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey. Her research focuses on life cycle assessment applied to plastic recycling and the circular economy, with an emphasis on evaluating the environmental impacts of materials and single-use packaging. Her work combines environmental analysis with machine learning\u2013based surrogate models, contributing to decision-making in plastic waste management. She has also collaborated with <em>TecScience<\/em> as a science communicator on these topics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/research.tec.mx\/vivo-tec\/display\/PID_479756?_gl=1*1rbjoi1*_gcl_au*MTcxNzU3OTQ0NS4xNzc0ODg4ODgw*_ga*NDIxODY0NjMzLjE3NzQ4ODg4ODA.*_ga_D9LSDN87GD*czE3NzQ4OTE0NTIkbzIkZzEkdDE3NzQ4OTIxNDAkajUwJGwwJGg5MjE3NDQ3Ng..\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Iv\u00e1n Garc\u00eda Kerdan<\/a><\/strong>. Associate professor and division director at the<a href=\"https:\/\/eic.tec.mx\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> School of Engineering and Sciences <\/a>(EIC) at Tecnol\u00f3gico de Monterrey\u2019s Santa Fe campus. His research centers on decarbonization, climate change, and the circular economy, with a focus on low-carbon buildings, energy simulation, and sustainable materials in dense urban environments. He has published more than 30 peer-reviewed scientific articles and is a member of Mexico\u2019s National System of Researchers (SNI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There\u2019s no such thing as \u201cgood\u201d plastic. Research shows packaging sustainability depends on context\u2014what it holds, how long it\u2019s used, and how the material is ultimately managed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":172885,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[556],"tags":[135],"class_list":["post-172883","sciencecommunication","type-sciencecommunication","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-and-sustainability","tag-school-of-engineering-and-sciences"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Plastic Recycling Under the Microscope | TecScience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There\u2019s no such thing as \u201cgood\u201d plastic. Research shows packaging sustainability depends on context\u2014what it holds, how long it\u2019s used, and how the material is ultimately managed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/en\/science-communication\/plastic-recycling\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plastics Under Scrutiny: Recycling Isn\u2019t Always Greener\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There\u2019s no such thing as \u201cgood\u201d plastic. 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