{"id":6220,"date":"2022-05-13T16:56:33","date_gmt":"2022-05-13T16:56:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transferencia.tec.mx\/?p=6220"},"modified":"2023-09-10T03:29:59","modified_gmt":"2023-09-10T03:29:59","slug":"iron-oxides-from-rust-in-your-fence-to-reusable-nanoparticles-for-environmental-remediation","status":"publish","type":"divulgacion-ciencia","link":"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/divulgacion-ciencia\/iron-oxides-from-rust-in-your-fence-to-reusable-nanoparticles-for-environmental-remediation\/","title":{"rendered":"Iron oxides: From rust in your fence to reusable nanoparticles for environmental remediation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Por\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/research.tec.mx\/vivo-tec\/display\/PID_345944\"><strong>Carlos Huerta-Aguilar <\/strong><\/a>y<strong> Pandiyan Thangarasu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Changes in the modern world have forced minimization, reuse and search of alternatives to traditional semiconductors. Rare earths for example, are scarce and expensive, nevertheless, electronic and chemical industry counts on them to maintain its production.<\/p>\n<p>As an alternative, Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar, researcher of the School of Engineering and Sciences at Campus Puebla is turning its interests towards iron oxides: \u00a0they are found far and wide in the rust of metallic surfaces, as an impurity in urban tap water and in metal slags at construction sites<sup>1<\/sup>. However, specialty iron oxides have amazing properties despite its simple manufacturing. Magnetite, for example, is present in most magnetic devices and is used DNA purification, in manufacturing of high specialty components in informatics, optics, and instrumental medicine. Magnetite belongs to a group of oxides called ferrites, and as of 2021, the market shows sustained growth and an estimated size of USD 130.8 billion for 2026<sup>2<\/sup>. The price of simple iron oxides as low as 5 USD\/lb for Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> and ~90 USD\/lb for Fe(OH)<sub>2<\/sub>. Yet, blends of ferrites with metals are much more expensive: ~338 USD\/lb for iron ferrite (Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>) and 5,500 USD\/lb for yttrium-iron oxide (Y<sub>3<\/sub>Fe<sub>5<\/sub>O<sub>12<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<p>Even though all ferrites have similar structure, small changes in composition have tremendous effects <sup>3<\/sup>: Magnetite has outstanding paramagnetic properties, zinc-cobalt ferrites are active under solar light and cerium and nickel ferrites are used in cancer tissue identification<sup>4-6<\/sup>. Mixture of ferrites with small amounts of rare earths can even outperform traditional semiconductors as gallium arsenide or silicon carbide. These blends diminish the supplies of bulk precursors and its robustness allows reutilization achieving a semicircular life cycle. \u00a0\u00a0<strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<h2>The simplicity of nanomaterials and its production<\/h2>\n<p>Simplicity boosts implementation and the simpler the material is produced, the higher the chance for large-scale application. Nanomaterials are regarded as very complex and exotic but actual engineering allows precise control <sup>7<\/sup>. Today, nanoengineered compounds and are industrially produced and for magnetite nanoparticles, there is an annual growth around 10% and by 2026 it is estimated to reach USD 90 million<sup>8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers at Tecnologico de Monterrey, campus Puebla have produced ferrites that mixed with Cerium (CeFe) and Ruthenium (RuFe) are activated when irradiated with solar light. Additionally, they implemented synthetic processes that avoid toxic reagents and organic solvents as part of the Green Chemistry Initiative 2022<sup>9<\/sup>. To produce the ferrites, a high pressure and temperature method known as hydrothermal is utilized. It consists on the mixture of metallic salts in water with pressurized <em>cooking<\/em> that result in materials that are \u00a0recoverable using electromagnets due its magnetic behavior <sup>10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>Understanding and modeling nanomaterials: Experimental and computational chemical engineering<\/h2>\n<p>Ferrites can be easily produced, but their properties need to be understood; \u00a0therefore, a joint experimental-theoretical modelling was developed. The obtained information is used as feedback in subsequent manufacturing cycles in a tactic known as <em>smart synthesis<\/em>:\u00a0\u00a0 In the first step, hydrothermal preparation takes place and Electronic Microscopy analyses unveil composition, size and shape: Our research group can continuously produce particles below 100 nm (one red blood cell is 8,000 nm across) and a homogenous composition which confirms the reliability of manufacturing process.<\/p>\n<p>In a second stage, researchers created a computational model with a quantum approximation known as Density Functional Theory (DFT) using experimental information <sup>11<\/sup>. Due complexity of the nanomaterials, high computational resources are necessary, and the UNAM-Tec de Monterrey partnership allowed the researchers the access to UNAM\u2019s Miztli supercomputer. Obtained data is finally presented as a hybrid theoretical-experimental model where performance of the ferrites is predicted and explained at atomic micro scale even before it\u2019s production.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6221\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6221\" style=\"width: 388px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/transferencia.tec.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Imagen2--272x300.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6221 \" src=\"https:\/\/transferencia.tec.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Imagen2--272x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"388\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/05\/Imagen2--272x300.png 272w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/05\/Imagen2-.png 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 388px) 100vw, 388px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6221\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. Production and theoretical modeling of Ru and Ce-based iron oxides.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Towards real applications in environmental sciences:\u00a0 Degradation of pollutants<\/h2>\n<p>Modelling is useful but not enough for modern industry. To test the real performance of the prepared ferrites, our group tested the elimination of Congo Red, a common \u00a0dye in textile. First, it is necessary to know if the materials can be activated by sunlight irradiation, and a technique called Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (DRS) is utilized. Indeed, RuFe and CeFe iron oxides are activated when light above 400 nm is present this corresponds to visible light found in regular sunlight.<\/p>\n<p>Secondly, elimination of pollutants is tested: After 4 hours of contact between the dye and ferrites under direct sunlight, more than 50% of the contaminant was eliminated using RuFe oxides but only 20% with CeFe nanomaterials. This method of pollutants elimination is known as photocatalysis and its main advantage is that the final products are biodegradable residues or even nontoxic CO<sub>2<\/sub> and water.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_6222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6222\" style=\"width: 487px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><picture>\r\n                <source srcset=\"https:\/\/transferencia.tec.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Imagen3--300x146.webp\" type=\"image\/webp\">\r\n                <img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-6222\" src=\"https:\/\/transferencia.tec.mx\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Imagen3--300x146.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"487\" height=\"237\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/05\/Imagen3--300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/tecscience.tec.mx\/es\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/8\/2022\/05\/Imagen3-.png 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\" \/>\r\n            <\/picture><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-6222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. Elimination of water pollutants with Ru and Ce-based iron oxides: a) Light activity and b) Elimination of Congo Red.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Heading towards green cycles and resource minimization with nanobiotechnology<\/h2>\n<p>This research is performed at Laboratorio de Energias Renovables in Campus Puebla. For the near future, our group is focusing on scaling up production and optimization of sunlight-harvesting materials in order to develop commercial applications for this technology. In the last year, three research papers were published; results were presented in American Chemical Society National Meeting at Atlanta, GA, USA and International Material Research Congress at Cancun, Q Roo, MX.<\/p>\n<h2>Authors<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Carlos Alberto Huerta Aguilar<\/strong> (<a href=\"mailto:huertaa@tec.mx\">huertaa@tec.mx<\/a>): He got PhD in Environmental Engineering and currently has SNI 1. He is part of GIEE in Energy and Climate change.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pandiyan Thangarasu<\/strong> (<a href=\"mailto:pandiyan@unam.mx\">pandiyan@unam.mx<\/a>): Researcher at Faculty of Chemistry, UNAM. Currently the Editor of the Journal of Environmental protection (JEP) \u00a0and has SNI 3 category.<\/p>\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials <strong>519<\/strong>, 167163 (2021).<\/li>\n<li>Lucintel, Report No. 1019302, 2021.<\/li>\n<li>Heliyon <strong>5<\/strong> (1), e01151 (2019).<\/li>\n<li>Environmental Science and Pollution Research <strong>29<\/strong> (5), 6698-6709 (2022).<\/li>\n<li>Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells <strong>219<\/strong>, 110786 (2021).<\/li>\n<li>Journal of Alloys and Compounds <strong>829<\/strong>, 154533 (2020).<\/li>\n<li>Coatings <strong>10<\/strong> (3) (2020).<\/li>\n<li>Journal of Molecular Liquids <strong>328<\/strong>, 115375 (2021).<\/li>\n<li>Chem. Eng. J. <strong>381<\/strong>, 122596 (2020).<\/li>\n<li>A Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physikalische Chemie <strong>234<\/strong> (4), 719-776 (2020).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Por\u00a0Carlos Huerta-Aguilar y Pandiyan Thangarasu Changes in the modern world have forced minimization, reuse and search of alternatives to traditional semiconductors. Rare earths for example, are scarce and expensive, nevertheless, electronic and chemical industry counts on them to maintain its production. As an alternative, Carlos Alberto Huerta-Aguilar, researcher of the School of Engineering and Sciences [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":6225,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6220","divulgacion-ciencia","type-divulgacion-ciencia","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.0 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Iron oxides: From rust in your fence to reusable nanoparticles for environmental remediation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"At Tecnologico de Monterrey they are scaling-up the production of nanoengineered ferrites as new generation semiconductors.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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